上一章節實作了 nodePort
類型的資源,它可讓集群外部存取,但 nodePort
資源有著一個缺點,要存取時須知道集群中至少一個節點 IP
,該結點如果故障得要取得其它節點的 IP
。這問題可藉由在集群外部部署一個負載均衡器,可以經由它存取外部客户端請求同時調度到集群中相應的 nodePort
,這類型的資源是 LoadBalancer
。我們透過 GKE
環境實作。
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: loadbalance-service
spec:
type: LoadBalancer
selector:
app: hello-kubernetes
ports:
- protocol: TCP
port: 8080
targetPort: 9376
nodePort: 32223
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: hello-kubernetes-loadbalance
spec:
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
app: hello-kubernetes
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: hello-kubernetes
spec:
containers:
- name: hello-kubernetes
image: paulbouwer/hello-kubernetes:1.7
ports:
- containerPort: 8080
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: pod-client
labels:
app: client
spec:
containers:
- name: client
image: hwchiu/netutils
查看建立的 LoadBalancer
資源,此資源會分配一個對外存取的 IP
(EXTERNAL-IP)。
$ kubectl get svc -w
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
headless-demo ClusterIP None <none> 80/TCP 12h
kubernetes ClusterIP 10.8.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 16d
loadbalance-service LoadBalancer 10.8.13.147 <pending> 8080:30862/TCP 7s
loadbalance-service LoadBalancer 10.8.13.147 34.70.146.27 8080:30862/TCP 35s
用 describe
查看建立的資源,其資訊和 nodePort
等都大同小異
$ kubectl describe svc loadbalance-service
Name: loadbalance-service
Namespace: default
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
Selector: app=hello-kubernetes
Type: LoadBalancer
IP: 10.8.13.147
LoadBalancer Ingress: 34.70.146.27
Port: <unset> 9376/TCP
TargetPort: 8080/TCP
NodePort: <unset> 32223/TCP
Endpoints: 10.4.1.37:8080,10.4.2.47:8080,10.4.3.111:8080
Session Affinity: None
External Traffic Policy: Cluster
Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal EnsuredLoadBalancer 5m39s (x2 over 10m) service-controller Ensured load balancer
Normal EnsuringLoadBalancer 17s (x3 over 11m) service-controller Ensuring load balancer
實際上 LoadBalancer
也繼承了 nodePort
透過以下驗證,NodePort
沒有指定 Port
時系統會自動分配一個。
$ gcloud compute instances list
NAME ZONE MACHINE_TYPE PREEMPTIBLE INTERNAL_IP EXTERNAL_IP STATUS
gke-cluster-1-default-pool-7dc8b11b-8kvr us-central1-c e2-medium 10.128.0.24 35.238.113.123 RUNNING
gke-cluster-1-default-pool-7dc8b11b-cxs1 us-central1-c e2-medium 10.128.0.21 34.67.164.169 RUNNING
gke-cluster-1-default-pool-7dc8b11b-r7rg us-central1-c e2-medium 10.128.0.23 34.72.35.109 RUNNING
$ kubectl exec -it client-99cbcdc74-4srn9 bash
kubectl exec [POD] [COMMAND] is DEPRECATED and will be removed in a future version. Use kubectl exec [POD] -- [COMMAND] instead.
root@client-99cbcdc74-4srn9:/# curl 10.128.0.24:32223
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Hello Kubernetes!</title>
...
<th>pod:</th>
<td>hello-kubernetes-loadbalance-5b89dbbc4b-qccrq</td>
...
接著我們從本機的瀏覽器輸入 34.70.146.27:9376
,結果如下,可以不斷的做請求會看到均衡負載效果。
有一個字段
loadBalancerSourceRanges
它可限制負載均衡器可存取的客戶端 IP 範圍
在 K8s
提供了兩種內建的負載均衡機制,分別針對的是傳輸層和應用層,應用層相較於傳輸層可以做到 URL
的映射或 SSL
的卸載等功能。我們介紹的 nodePort
、LoadBalancer
等都是屬於傳輸層的負載均衡,這邊要說的 Ingress
是一個使用 DNS
或 URL
方式將請求轉發至指定的 Service
資源上。但,Ingress
是規則,無法對流量進行處理,為了能達到請求流量等功能,會配合著 Ingress Controller
這個資源。Ingress Controller
可以由有反向代理功能的應用程式實現,如 Nginx
、HAProxy
等,在 K8s
中它也是一個 POD
,會與被代理的 POD
在相同的網路中。如果 Ingress
進行流量分發時,Ingress Controller
可以將 Ingress
定義的規則直接轉發至 POD
上,這當中繞過了 Service
資源因此減少了 kube-proxy
轉發開銷。以下整理了 Ingress
主要資源
Kubernetes
,就是一個資源清單Kubernetes
本身沒有此資源,需仰賴第三方資源Ingress Resource
,有資源清單有無更新,當有變動時會送給 Ingress Server
Kubernetes
本身沒有此資源,需仰賴第三方資源Ingress
是基於 virtual hosting
或 URL 的轉發規則。以下面的 Ingress
資源 yaml
為例,會把符合 test.com/v1/
的規則送至 hellok8s
的 Service
資源,以此類推。這邊大致上說明一下字段的含意。從 spec
來看最為重要的是 rule
和 backend
。rule
就是拿來定義規則,只要規則沒有符合則會將其送至預設定義的 backend
屬性,backend
字段有 serviceName
和 servicePort
分別是對應 Service
資源名稱和 Port
。
Ingress
的類型還有分以下
URL
rules:
- host: test.com
http:
paths:
- path: /v1/
backend:
serviceName: hellok8s
servicePort: 80
virtual hosting
rules:
- host: api.ik8s.io
http:
paths:
- backend:
serviceName: api
servicePort: 80
TLS
tls:
- hosts:
- tomcat.lab
secretName: tomcat-secret
rules:
- host: tomcat.lab
http:
paths:
- path: /
backend:
serviceName: tomcat-svc
servicePort: 80
以下範例是來自 hwchiu 大大的,README.md
檔案內容也需要執行,它是 Nginx Ingress
控制器。這邊拿 Ingress 的資源講解,其它的都在前面文章都有提到。
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
name: ingress-http
annotations:
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /
spec:
rules:
- host: test.com
http:
paths:
- path: /v1/
backend:
serviceName: hellok8s
servicePort: 80
- path: /v2/
backend:
serviceName: httpd
servicePort: 80
- host: hello.com
http:
paths:
- backend:
serviceName: hellok8s
servicePort: 80
- host: httpd.com
http:
paths:
- backend:
serviceName: httpd
servicePort: 80
我們簡易的把整個架構用下圖表示
同樣的上述的檔案使用 apply
進行部署。這邊比較重要的是 Service
因此這邊會以 Service
資源做觀察。
$ kubectl get svc # 有部署兩個應用程式,也分別為兩個應用程式建立 service 資源
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
hellok8s ClusterIP 10.8.2.77 <none> 80/TCP 22s
httpd ClusterIP 10.8.10.193 <none> 80/TCP 22s
$ kubectl get endpoints
NAME ENDPOINTS AGE
hellok8s 10.4.1.40:8080,10.4.2.53:8080,10.4.3.116:8080 58s # 對應的 POD 資訊
httpd 10.4.1.41:80,10.4.2.54:80,10.4.3.117:80 58s # 對應的 POD 資訊
$ kubectl -n ingress-nginx get svc
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
ingress-nginx NodePort 10.8.7.41 <none> 80:32739/TCP,443:31198/TCP 117s
部署的 ingress
資源,其 ADDRESS
對應的是 ingress-nginx
控制器的 NodePort
,此兩個是相互關連的,且可以透過 NodePort
給外界存取。因此這邊實驗是 client <--> NodePort <--> Ingress <--> Service
。
$ kubectl get ingress # 取得 Ingress 資訊
NAME HOSTS ADDRESS PORTS AGE
ingress-http test.com,hello.com,httpd.com 10.8.7.41 80 2m51s
$ kubectl describe ingress ingress-http # 詳細訊息
Name: ingress-http
Namespace: default
Address: 10.8.7.41
Default backend: default-http-backend:80 (10.4.1.4:8080)
Rules:
Host Path Backends
---- ---- --------
test.com
/v1/ hellok8s:80 (10.4.1.40:8080,10.4.2.53:8080,10.4.3.116:8080)
/v2/ httpd:80 (10.4.1.41:80,10.4.2.54:80,10.4.3.117:80)
hello.com
hellok8s:80 (10.4.1.40:8080,10.4.2.53:8080,10.4.3.116:8080)
httpd.com
httpd:80 (10.4.1.41:80,10.4.2.54:80,10.4.3.117:80)
Annotations: nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /
Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal UPDATE 11m (x4 over 106m) nginx-ingress-controller Ingress default/ingress-http
Warning Translate 2m21s (x23 over 106m) loadbalancer-controller error while evaluating the ingress spec: service "default/hellok8s" is type "ClusterIP", expected "NodePort" or "LoadBalancer"; service "default/httpd" is type "ClusterIP", expected "NodePort" or "LoadBalancer"; service "default/hellok8s" is type "ClusterIP", expected "NodePort" or "LoadBalancer"; service "default/httpd" is type "ClusterIP", expected "NodePort" or "LoadBalancer"
這邊從 Cloud Shell
遠端至一台節點並設定 /etc/hosts
,它為一個靜態對找表,預設是往這邊搜尋,我們當下打 test.com
它會導到 10.8.7.41
,當沒結果才往外部 DNS
做搜尋。
@gke-cluster-1-default-pool-7dc8b11b-8kvr$ sudo vi /etc/hosts
10.8.7.41 test.com
10.8.7.41 hello.com
10.8.7.41 httpd.com
驗證
@gke-cluster-1-default-pool-7dc8b11b-8kvr$ curl test.com/v1/
...
<tr>
<th>pod:</th>
<td>hello-kubernetes-5b89dbbc4b-t7bvr</td>
</tr>
...
@gke-cluster-1-default-pool-7dc8b11b-8kvr$ curl test.com/v2/
<html><body><h1>It works!</h1></body></html>
service
檔案資源清單定義的 Ingress
是 NodePort
這邊嘗試用 LoadBalancer
。
$ kubectl -n ingress-nginx get svc
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
ingress-nginx LoadBalancer 10.8.7.41 34.70.146.27 80:32739/TCP,443:31198/TCP 26m
$ kubectl get ingress
NAME HOSTS ADDRESS PORTS AGE
ingress-http test.com,hello.com,httpd.com 34.70.146.27 80 26m
$ kubectl describe ingress ingress-http # 詳細資訊
Name: ingress-http
Namespace: default
Address: 34.70.146.27
Default backend: default-http-backend:80 (10.4.1.4:8080)
Rules:
Host Path Backends
---- ---- --------
test.com
/v1/ hellok8s:80 (10.4.1.40:8080,10.4.2.53:8080,10.4.3.116:8080)
/v2/ httpd:80 (10.4.1.41:80,10.4.2.54:80,10.4.3.117:80)
hello.com
hellok8s:80 (10.4.1.40:8080,10.4.2.53:8080,10.4.3.116:8080)
httpd.com
httpd:80 (10.4.1.41:80,10.4.2.54:80,10.4.3.117:80)
Annotations: nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /
Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Warning Translate 5m6s (x19 over 89m) loadbalancer-controller error while evaluating the ingress spec: service "default/hellok8s" is type "ClusterIP", expected "NodePort" or "LoadBalancer"; service "default/httpd" is type "ClusterIP", expected "NodePort" or "LoadBalancer"; service "default/hellok8s" is type "ClusterIP", expected "NodePort" or "LoadBalancer"; service "default/httpd" is type "ClusterIP", expected "NodePort" or "LoadBalancer"
這邊從 Cloud Shell
設定 /etc/hosts
,它為一個靜態對找表,預設是往這邊搜尋,我們當下打 test.com
它會導到 34.70.146.27
,當沒結果才往外部 DNS
做搜尋。
echo "34.70.146.27 test.com" | sudo tee -a /etc/hosts
echo "34.70.146.27 hello.com" | sudo tee -a /etc/hosts
echo "34.70.146.27 httpd.com" | sudo tee -a /etc/hosts
使用 curl
驗證
$ curl test.com/v1/ # 只要 URL 符合 test.com/v1/ 都會打到 test.com/v1/ 規則的 Service
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
...
<table>
<tr>
<th>pod:</th>
<td>hello-kubernetes-5b89dbbc4b-t7bvr</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>node:</th>
<td>Linux (4.19.112+)</td>
...
$ curl test.com/v2/
<html><body><h1>It works!</h1></body></html>
$ curl test.com/v1 # 預設的 backend
<html>
<head><title>404 Not Found</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>404 Not Found</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.17.8</center>
</body>
</html>
我們將上面請求過程用下面這張圖示意
觀察 Nginx
控制器有做了什麼。
$ kubectl get pods -n ingress-nginx
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
nginx-ingress-controller-7fcf8df75d-p5s5b 1/1 Running 0 53m
$ kubectl exec -it -n ingress-nginx nginx-ingress-controller-7fcf8df75d-p5s5b bash
bash-5.0$ vi /etc/nginx/nginx.conf # 控制器幫我們設定好 nginx 設定檔了!!
...
## start server test.com
server {
server_name test.com ;
listen 80 ;
listen 443 ssl http2 ;
set $proxy_upstream_name "-";
ssl_certificate_by_lua_block {
certificate.call()
}
location ~* "^/v2/" {
set $namespace "default";
set $ingress_name "ingress-http";
set $service_name "httpd";
set $service_port "80";
set $location_path "/v2/";
rewrite_by_lua_block {
lua_ingress.rewrite({
force_ssl_redirect = false,
ssl_redirect = true,
force_no_ssl_redirect = false,
use_port_in_redirects = false,
})
...
這邊有 google 的 qwiklab 文章,也是針對 Nginx Ingress
去實作。