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第 12 屆 iThome 鐵人賽

DAY 19
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Loadbalance 類型的 Service

上一章節實作了 nodePort 類型的資源,它可讓集群外部存取,但 nodePort 資源有著一個缺點,要存取時須知道集群中至少一個節點 IP,該結點如果故障得要取得其它節點的 IP。這問題可藉由在集群外部部署一個負載均衡器,可以經由它存取外部客户端請求同時調度到集群中相應的 nodePort,這類型的資源是 LoadBalancer。我們透過 GKE 環境實作。

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: loadbalance-service
spec:
  type: LoadBalancer
  selector:
    app: hello-kubernetes
  ports:
    - protocol: TCP
      port: 8080
      targetPort: 9376
      nodePort: 32223
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: hello-kubernetes-loadbalance
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: hello-kubernetes
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: hello-kubernetes
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: hello-kubernetes
        image: paulbouwer/hello-kubernetes:1.7
        ports:
        - containerPort: 8080
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-client
  labels:
    app: client
spec:
  containers:
  - name: client
    image: hwchiu/netutils

查看建立的 LoadBalancer 資源,此資源會分配一個對外存取的 IP(EXTERNAL-IP)。

$ kubectl get svc -w
NAME                  TYPE           CLUSTER-IP    EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)          AGE
headless-demo         ClusterIP      None          <none>        80/TCP           12h
kubernetes            ClusterIP      10.8.0.1      <none>        443/TCP          16d
loadbalance-service   LoadBalancer   10.8.13.147   <pending>     8080:30862/TCP   7s
loadbalance-service   LoadBalancer   10.8.13.147   34.70.146.27   8080:30862/TCP   35s

describe 查看建立的資源,其資訊和 nodePort 等都大同小異

$ kubectl describe svc loadbalance-service
Name:                     loadbalance-service
Namespace:                default
Labels:                   <none>
Annotations:              <none>
Selector:                 app=hello-kubernetes
Type:                     LoadBalancer
IP:                       10.8.13.147
LoadBalancer Ingress:     34.70.146.27
Port:                     <unset>  9376/TCP
TargetPort:               8080/TCP
NodePort:                 <unset>  32223/TCP
Endpoints:                10.4.1.37:8080,10.4.2.47:8080,10.4.3.111:8080
Session Affinity:         None
External Traffic Policy:  Cluster
Events:
  Type    Reason                Age                  From                Message
  ----    ------                ----                 ----                -------
  Normal  EnsuredLoadBalancer   5m39s (x2 over 10m)  service-controller  Ensured load balancer
  Normal  EnsuringLoadBalancer  17s (x3 over 11m)    service-controller  Ensuring load balancer

實際上 LoadBalancer 也繼承了 nodePort 透過以下驗證,NodePort 沒有指定 Port 時系統會自動分配一個。

$ gcloud compute instances list
NAME                                      ZONE           MACHINE_TYPE  PREEMPTIBLE  INTERNAL_IP  EXTERNAL_IP     STATUS
gke-cluster-1-default-pool-7dc8b11b-8kvr  us-central1-c  e2-medium                  10.128.0.24  35.238.113.123  RUNNING
gke-cluster-1-default-pool-7dc8b11b-cxs1  us-central1-c  e2-medium                  10.128.0.21  34.67.164.169   RUNNING
gke-cluster-1-default-pool-7dc8b11b-r7rg  us-central1-c  e2-medium                  10.128.0.23  34.72.35.109    RUNNING
$ kubectl exec -it client-99cbcdc74-4srn9 bash
kubectl exec [POD] [COMMAND] is DEPRECATED and will be removed in a future version. Use kubectl exec [POD] -- [COMMAND] instead.
root@client-99cbcdc74-4srn9:/# curl 10.128.0.24:32223
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>Hello Kubernetes!</title>
...
      <th>pod:</th>
      <td>hello-kubernetes-loadbalance-5b89dbbc4b-qccrq</td>
...

接著我們從本機的瀏覽器輸入 34.70.146.27:9376,結果如下,可以不斷的做請求會看到均衡負載效果。

有一個字段 loadBalancerSourceRanges 它可限制負載均衡器可存取的客戶端 IP 範圍

Ingress 資源

K8s 提供了兩種內建的負載均衡機制,分別針對的是傳輸層應用層,應用層相較於傳輸層可以做到 URL 的映射或 SSL 的卸載等功能。我們介紹的 nodePortLoadBalancer 等都是屬於傳輸層的負載均衡,這邊要說的 Ingress 是一個使用 DNSURL 方式將請求轉發至指定的 Service 資源上。但,Ingress規則,無法對流量進行處理,為了能達到請求流量等功能,會配合著 Ingress Controller 這個資源。Ingress Controller 可以由有反向代理功能的應用程式實現,如 NginxHAProxy 等,在 K8s 中它也是一個 POD,會與被代理的 POD 在相同的網路中。如果 Ingress 進行流量分發時,Ingress Controller 可以將 Ingress 定義的規則直接轉發至 POD 上,這當中繞過了 Service 資源因此減少了 kube-proxy 轉發開銷。以下整理了 Ingress 主要資源

  • Ingress Resource
    • Kubernetes,就是一個資源清單
  • Ingress Controller
    • Kubernetes 本身沒有此資源,需仰賴第三方資源
    • 觀察 Ingress Resource,有資源清單有無更新,當有變動時會送給 Ingress Server
  • Ingress Server
    • Kubernetes 本身沒有此資源,需仰賴第三方資源
    • 接收請求並轉發至後端服務

創建 Ingress 資源並與 Nginx Ingress 控制器共舞

Ingress 是基於 virtual hosting 或 URL 的轉發規則。以下面的 Ingress 資源 yaml 為例,會把符合 test.com/v1/ 的規則送至 hellok8sService 資源,以此類推。這邊大致上說明一下字段的含意。從 spec 來看最為重要的是 rulebackendrule 就是拿來定義規則,只要規則沒有符合則會將其送至預設定義的 backend 屬性,backend 字段有 serviceNameservicePort 分別是對應 Service 資源名稱和 Port

Ingress 的類型還有分以下

  • 基於 URL
rules:
- host: test.com
    http:
      paths:
      - path: /v1/
        backend:
          serviceName: hellok8s
          servicePort: 80
  • 基於 virtual hosting
rules:
- host: api.ik8s.io
    http:
      paths:
      - backend:
          serviceName: api
          servicePort: 80

  • 基於 TLS
tls:
- hosts:
  - tomcat.lab
  secretName: tomcat-secret
rules:
- host: tomcat.lab
  http:
    paths:
    - path: /
      backend:
        serviceName: tomcat-svc
        servicePort: 80

以下範例是來自 hwchiu 大大的,README.md 檔案內容也需要執行,它是 Nginx Ingress 控制器。這邊拿 Ingress 的資源講解,其它的都在前面文章都有提到。

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: ingress-http
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /
spec:
  rules:
  - host: test.com
    http:
      paths:
      - path: /v1/
        backend:
          serviceName: hellok8s
          servicePort: 80
      - path: /v2/
        backend:
          serviceName: httpd
          servicePort: 80
  - host: hello.com
    http:
      paths:
      - backend:
          serviceName: hellok8s
          servicePort: 80
  - host: httpd.com
    http:
      paths:
      - backend:
          serviceName: httpd
          servicePort: 80

我們簡易的把整個架構用下圖表示

同樣的上述的檔案使用 apply 進行部署。這邊比較重要的是 Service 因此這邊會以 Service 資源做觀察。

$ kubectl get svc # 有部署兩個應用程式,也分別為兩個應用程式建立 service 資源
NAME         TYPE        CLUSTER-IP    EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)   AGE
hellok8s     ClusterIP   10.8.2.77     <none>        80/TCP    22s
httpd        ClusterIP   10.8.10.193   <none>        80/TCP    22s
$ kubectl get endpoints
NAME         ENDPOINTS                                       AGE
hellok8s     10.4.1.40:8080,10.4.2.53:8080,10.4.3.116:8080   58s # 對應的 POD 資訊
httpd        10.4.1.41:80,10.4.2.54:80,10.4.3.117:80         58s # 對應的 POD 資訊

NodePort

$ kubectl -n ingress-nginx get svc
NAME            TYPE       CLUSTER-IP   EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)                      AGE
ingress-nginx   NodePort   10.8.7.41    <none>        80:32739/TCP,443:31198/TCP   117s

部署的 ingress 資源,其 ADDRESS 對應的是 ingress-nginx 控制器的 NodePort,此兩個是相互關連的,且可以透過 NodePort 給外界存取。因此這邊實驗是 client <--> NodePort <--> Ingress <--> Service

$ kubectl get ingress # 取得 Ingress 資訊
NAME           HOSTS                          ADDRESS     PORTS   AGE
ingress-http   test.com,hello.com,httpd.com   10.8.7.41   80      2m51s
$  kubectl describe ingress ingress-http # 詳細訊息
Name:             ingress-http
Namespace:        default
Address:          10.8.7.41
Default backend:  default-http-backend:80 (10.4.1.4:8080)
Rules:
  Host        Path  Backends
  ----        ----  --------
  test.com
              /v1/   hellok8s:80 (10.4.1.40:8080,10.4.2.53:8080,10.4.3.116:8080)
              /v2/   httpd:80 (10.4.1.41:80,10.4.2.54:80,10.4.3.117:80)
  hello.com
                 hellok8s:80 (10.4.1.40:8080,10.4.2.53:8080,10.4.3.116:8080)
  httpd.com
                 httpd:80 (10.4.1.41:80,10.4.2.54:80,10.4.3.117:80)
Annotations:  nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /
Events:
  Type     Reason     Age                    From                      Message
  ----     ------     ----                   ----                      -------
  Normal   UPDATE     11m (x4 over 106m)     nginx-ingress-controller  Ingress default/ingress-http
  Warning  Translate  2m21s (x23 over 106m)  loadbalancer-controller   error while evaluating the ingress spec: service "default/hellok8s" is type "ClusterIP", expected "NodePort" or "LoadBalancer"; service "default/httpd" is type "ClusterIP", expected "NodePort" or "LoadBalancer"; service "default/hellok8s" is type "ClusterIP", expected "NodePort" or "LoadBalancer"; service "default/httpd" is type "ClusterIP", expected "NodePort" or "LoadBalancer"

這邊從 Cloud Shell 遠端至一台節點並設定 /etc/hosts,它為一個靜態對找表,預設是往這邊搜尋,我們當下打 test.com 它會導到 10.8.7.41,當沒結果才往外部 DNS 做搜尋。

@gke-cluster-1-default-pool-7dc8b11b-8kvr$ sudo vi /etc/hosts
10.8.7.41 test.com
10.8.7.41 hello.com
10.8.7.41 httpd.com

驗證

@gke-cluster-1-default-pool-7dc8b11b-8kvr$ curl test.com/v1/
...
    <tr>
      <th>pod:</th>
      <td>hello-kubernetes-5b89dbbc4b-t7bvr</td>
    </tr>
...
@gke-cluster-1-default-pool-7dc8b11b-8kvr$ curl test.com/v2/
<html><body><h1>It works!</h1></body></html>

Loadbalance

service 檔案資源清單定義的 IngressNodePort 這邊嘗試用 LoadBalancer

$ kubectl -n ingress-nginx get svc
NAME            TYPE           CLUSTER-IP   EXTERNAL-IP    PORT(S)                      AGE
ingress-nginx   LoadBalancer   10.8.7.41    34.70.146.27   80:32739/TCP,443:31198/TCP   26m
$ kubectl get ingress
NAME           HOSTS                          ADDRESS        PORTS   AGE
ingress-http   test.com,hello.com,httpd.com   34.70.146.27   80      26m
$ kubectl describe ingress ingress-http # 詳細資訊
Name:             ingress-http
Namespace:        default
Address:          34.70.146.27
Default backend:  default-http-backend:80 (10.4.1.4:8080)
Rules:
  Host        Path  Backends
  ----        ----  --------
  test.com
              /v1/   hellok8s:80 (10.4.1.40:8080,10.4.2.53:8080,10.4.3.116:8080)
              /v2/   httpd:80 (10.4.1.41:80,10.4.2.54:80,10.4.3.117:80)
  hello.com
                 hellok8s:80 (10.4.1.40:8080,10.4.2.53:8080,10.4.3.116:8080)
  httpd.com
                 httpd:80 (10.4.1.41:80,10.4.2.54:80,10.4.3.117:80)
Annotations:  nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /
Events:
  Type     Reason     Age                  From                     Message
  ----     ------     ----                 ----                     -------
  Warning  Translate  5m6s (x19 over 89m)  loadbalancer-controller  error while evaluating the ingress spec: service "default/hellok8s" is type "ClusterIP", expected "NodePort" or "LoadBalancer"; service "default/httpd" is type "ClusterIP", expected "NodePort" or "LoadBalancer"; service "default/hellok8s" is type "ClusterIP", expected "NodePort" or "LoadBalancer"; service "default/httpd" is type "ClusterIP", expected "NodePort" or "LoadBalancer"

這邊從 Cloud Shell 設定 /etc/hosts,它為一個靜態對找表,預設是往這邊搜尋,我們當下打 test.com 它會導到 34.70.146.27,當沒結果才往外部 DNS 做搜尋。

echo "34.70.146.27 test.com" | sudo tee -a /etc/hosts
echo "34.70.146.27 hello.com" | sudo tee -a /etc/hosts
echo "34.70.146.27 httpd.com" | sudo tee -a /etc/hosts

使用 curl 驗證

$ curl test.com/v1/ # 只要 URL 符合 test.com/v1/ 都會打到 test.com/v1/ 規則的 Service
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
...
  <table>
    <tr>
      <th>pod:</th>
      <td>hello-kubernetes-5b89dbbc4b-t7bvr</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>node:</th>
      <td>Linux (4.19.112+)</td>
...
$ curl test.com/v2/
<html><body><h1>It works!</h1></body></html>
$ curl test.com/v1 # 預設的 backend
<html>
<head><title>404 Not Found</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>404 Not Found</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.17.8</center>
</body>
</html>

我們將上面請求過程用下面這張圖示意

觀察 Nginx 控制器有做了什麼。

$ kubectl get pods -n ingress-nginx
NAME                                        READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
nginx-ingress-controller-7fcf8df75d-p5s5b   1/1     Running   0          53m
$ kubectl exec -it -n ingress-nginx nginx-ingress-controller-7fcf8df75d-p5s5b bash
bash-5.0$ vi /etc/nginx/nginx.conf # 控制器幫我們設定好 nginx 設定檔了!!
...
 ## start server test.com                                    
        server {                                                    
                server_name test.com ;                              
                                                                    
                listen 80  ;          
                listen 443  ssl http2 ;
                                       
                set $proxy_upstream_name "-";
                                             
                ssl_certificate_by_lua_block {
                        certificate.call()    
                }                             
                                              
                location ~* "^/v2/" {             
                                              
                        set $namespace      "default";
                        set $ingress_name   "ingress-http";
                        set $service_name   "httpd";       
                        set $service_port   "80";          
                        set $location_path  "/v2/";        
                                                           
                        rewrite_by_lua_block {             
                                lua_ingress.rewrite({      
                                        force_ssl_redirect = false,
                                        ssl_redirect = true,       
                                        force_no_ssl_redirect = false,
                                        use_port_in_redirects = false,
                                })                                    
...

這邊有 google 的 qwiklab 文章,也是針對 Nginx Ingress 去實作。

參考資源


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